In this article, I briefly explain the development of B cells defined by the rearrangements of immunoglobulin genes. The development of B cell begins with the pre-pro-B cell The stages of B-cell development begin with the first cell committed to the B cell lineage, the pre-pro B cell. The developing common lymphoid progenitor gets an … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the factors regulating the development of B cells. The development of immune cells Immune cells develop from immature precursors in the primary lymphoid organs, i.e., in the bone marrow and thymus. The mature antigen-specific lymphocytes first come across antigens in the secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen, lymph nodes, … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the endogenous pathway of antigen processing and presentation. The pathways for elimination of pathogens The immune system applies different strategies to eliminate various pathogens out of our body. There are two pathways for eliminating extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Antigens generated within the cell are known as endogenous antigens are … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe how the interactions of motor proteins bring changes in cells. The activity of motor proteins The movement of organelles and macromolecules within cells mainly arises from the activity of molecular motors. Motor proteins in large aggregates gaining energy from ATP undergo cyclic conformational changes that concentrate into a unified … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the two important globin proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin, and their functions. The globin proteins The globin family of proteins having similar primary and tertiary structures is found in all classes of eukaryotes and some bacteria. The main function of globins is to store and transport oxygen. In mammals, there … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain how the antigen-presenting cells cross-present antigens. Types of antigens There are different pathways employed by the immune system for eradicating intracellular and extracellular pathogens. The antigens generated within the cell are known as endogenous antigens. These antigens are processed by the cytosolic or endogenous pathway and presented on the … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the expression of MHC molecules. MHC molecule and its expression The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), consists of a group of genes coding for proteins present on cell surfaces that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. The MHC molecules are encoded by a cluster of closely associated genes, known … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the process of electrophoresis and how protein purification is related to specific activity. Separation of proteins and chromatography The cells contain thousands of varieties of proteins that can be separated based on size, charge, or binding properties. A protein can be studied in detail only when it can be … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the types of receptors in our immune system. Receptors of the immune system The cells of our immune system use various receptors to recognize ligands. Some receptors, like pattern recognition receptors (PRRS), are found in both innate and adaptive immune cells. However, B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the beginning of the immune response in the secondary lymphoid organs. Development of lymphocytes Development of lymphocytes takes place in the primary lymphoid system. However, the response is initiated in the secondary lymphoid organs as soon as the lymphocytes encounter antigens in the microenvironment. The bone marrow and the … Read more >>