In this article, I briefly explain phagocytosis, the process which abolishes pathogens. Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is simply a mechanism in which a white blood cell (phagocyte) envelops a foreign particle and annihilates it, thereafter discards the dead cells. In this process, the cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf the foreign particle, developing an internal compartment … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the infectious and non-infectious causes of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation Chronic inflammation is a slow and long-running inflammation that can last for many months to years. It varies with its extent and effects relating to the cause of the injury and the resilience of the body towards the inflammation. … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the external barriers of innate immunity. Innate immunity Our immune response includes two interconnected systems that act collaboratively to protect our body from foreign invaders. Innate immunity and adaptive immunity differ from each other in providing immunity. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and acts … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the occurrence of immune responses after recognition by the immune system. Immune system and its strategic program There are innumerable cells of our immune system disseminated throughout our body. When our body is under attack from any foreign invader, the biggest task is to search for the precise cells … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the peptides and proteins with their distinguishing properties. Proteins Proteins are the most abundant biological macromolecules present in all cells in many varieties. In a single cell, thousands of different kinds of proteins are present. Peptides and proteins are the polymers of amino acids. In every organism, the proteins … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the cytokine families and their functions. Cytokines The proteins that regulate the communication between various components of the immune system to run it efficiently are known as cytokines. These proteins interact with their receptors on a target cell, and induction of a variety of responses is initiated. An immune … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the different types of memory T cells and their mode of action, along with several surface proteins they express. Memory T cells In a secondary lymphoid organ, in the zone of T cells, when a T cell is engaged with a dendritic cell for one or two days, it … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the susceptibility to autoimmunity in men and women and compare between the genders. What is autoimmunity? Autoimmunity arises when an organism produces its immune response against its healthy cells and tissues. This type of immune response leads to autoimmune diseases. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, Addison’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe adaptive immunity and its regulation. Adaptive immunity and its disparity with innate immunity The adaptive immunity is marked by an antigen-specific response, depending primarily on B and T lymphocytes. When a pathogen attacks and invades a body, the adaptive immunity gives a response within a week, unlike innate immunity. … Read more >>