In this article, I briefly describe agglutination reaction, which is a type of antigen-antibody interaction. Antigen-antibody interaction The Interaction between antigen and antibody is a bimolecular association, which does not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration in either the antibody or the antigen. The antigen-antibody association involves many non-covalent interactions between the antigenic determinant (epitope) … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the precipitation reaction, which is a type of antigen-antibody interaction. Antigen-antibody interaction The Interaction between antigen and antibody is a bimolecular association, which does not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration in either the antibody or the antigen. The antigen-antibody association involves many non-covalent interactions between the antigenic determinant … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the methods of treatment for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity and its causes The immune responses of an organism against its healthy cells and tissues give rise to a condition known as autoimmunity. It is the presence of antibodies and T lymphocytes against self-antigens. The diseases linked to autoimmunity are known … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe allosteric enzymes and their properties. Enzymes The highly specialized proteins are known as enzymes, which have tremendous catalytic power. They have high specificity for their substrates and play the role of reaction catalysts of biological systems. Enzymes possess a high capacity to accelerate chemical reactions and function in aqueous … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the basics of organ transplantation. Organ transplantation Removing an organ from one’s body and placing it in a recipient’s body to fulfill the need for a missing organ is known as organ transplantation. In the fifth century B.C., the legendary surgeon from India Sushruta, expressed nose reconstruction for the … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the effector cells of the immune system. Effector cells The effector cells of the immune system are the differentiated cells mounting precise responses in the presence of a stimulus. Our immune system generates effector cells as a response against harmful pathogens. Effector cells are also produced against self-cells in … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria- oxygenic phototrophic bacteria The blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth. They belong to the diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes. They are chlorophyll-containing oxygenic phototrophic bacteria. These bacteria use various photosynthetic … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the purple and green phototropic bacteria. Phototropic bacteria These are a group of bacteria that derive their energy for growth from sunlight, and their source of carbon comes from carbon dioxide or organic carbon. The phototropic bacteria can be categorized into two groups, i.e., anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and oxygenic … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the metabolism of fuel in fasting and starvation. Hormonal and metabolic adaptations Animals can withstand prolonged periods of starvation by adjuring a comprehensive program of hormonal and metabolic adaptations. This type of adaptation mainly provides glucose for the brain and fat-derived fuels for most of the other tissues of … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the mechanism of killing of target cells by effector cells. Effector cells Effector cells are the cells of the adaptive immune system, carrying out an immune function in response to a stimulus. The group of effector cells that have direct cytotoxic activity on foreign cells and altered self-cells are … Read more >>