In this article, I briefly describe type-II hypersensitivity with its effects. Hypersensitivity The inflammatory reactions within the humoral or cell-mediated branches of the immune system, causing extensive tissue damage or occasionally death, are known as hypersensitive reactions. The reactions are immediate or may be delayed type depending on the symptoms. In 1963, P.G.H. Gell and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe type-I hypersensitive reactions and their effects. What is hypersensitivity? Hypersensitivity pertains to the inflammatory reactions, within the humoral or cell-mediated branches of the immune system, causing extensive tissue damage or occasionally death. The reactions are immediate or may be delayed type depending on the symptoms. P.G.H. Gell and Robin … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe agglutination reaction, which is a type of antigen-antibody interaction. Antigen-antibody interaction The Interaction between antigen and antibody is a bimolecular association, which does not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration in either the antibody or the antigen. The antigen-antibody association involves many non-covalent interactions between the antigenic determinant (epitope) … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the precipitation reaction, which is a type of antigen-antibody interaction. Antigen-antibody interaction The Interaction between antigen and antibody is a bimolecular association, which does not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration in either the antibody or the antigen. The antigen-antibody association involves many non-covalent interactions between the antigenic determinant … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the methods of treatment for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity and its causes The immune responses of an organism against its healthy cells and tissues give rise to a condition known as autoimmunity. It is the presence of antibodies and T lymphocytes against self-antigens. The diseases linked to autoimmunity are known … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe allosteric enzymes and their properties. Enzymes The highly specialized proteins are known as enzymes, which have tremendous catalytic power. They have high specificity for their substrates and play the role of reaction catalysts of biological systems. Enzymes possess a high capacity to accelerate chemical reactions and function in aqueous … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the basics of organ transplantation. Organ transplantation Removing an organ from one’s body and placing it in a recipient’s body to fulfill the need for a missing organ is known as organ transplantation. In the fifth century B.C., the legendary surgeon from India Sushruta, expressed nose reconstruction for the … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the effector cells of the immune system. Effector cells The effector cells of the immune system are the differentiated cells mounting precise responses in the presence of a stimulus. Our immune system generates effector cells as a response against harmful pathogens. Effector cells are also produced against self-cells in … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria- oxygenic phototrophic bacteria The blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth. They belong to the diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes. They are chlorophyll-containing oxygenic phototrophic bacteria. These bacteria use various photosynthetic … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the purple and green phototropic bacteria. Phototropic bacteria These are a group of bacteria that derive their energy for growth from sunlight, and their source of carbon comes from carbon dioxide or organic carbon. The phototropic bacteria can be categorized into two groups, i.e., anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and oxygenic … Read more >>