Immunology

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Primary immunodeficiency results in different immunodeficiency syndromes

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In this article, I briefly describe how primary deficiency leads to different immunodeficiency syndromes. Primary immunodeficiency Primary immunodeficiency is generally a birth defect and causes many health issues in early life. Immunodeficiency disorders are minor or life-threatening. Primary immunodeficiency diseases have provided immunologists valuable insights into the critical roles of specific proteins and cellular processes … Read more >>

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) interrupts with T-cell and B-cell responses

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In this article, I briefly describe severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and its interruption with T-cell and B-cell responses. Combined immunodeficiencies The diseases that result from impaired T-cell function or absence of T cells, combined with some disruption of antibody responses are known as combined immunodeficiencies. T helper cells (TH cells) are needed for complete activation … Read more >>

Primary immunodeficiencies are mostly hereditary

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In this article, I briefly describe primary immunodeficiencies, which are mostly hereditary and may be minor or life-threatening. Primary immunodeficiency The condition is known as immunodeficiency when our immune system fails to protect us from diseases. Primary immunodeficiency results from an inherited genetic defect. This is generally a birth defect and causes many health issues … Read more >>

Improvement in vaccine immunogenicity and enhancing immune response

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In this article, I briefly describe the methods to improve vaccine immunogenicity and enhance the immune response. Vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation that gives immunity to some infectious diseases. The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the … Read more >>

Nucleic acid vaccines give a broad and long term immune response

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In this article, I briefly describe nucleic acid vaccines, their mechanism of working, and the broad and long-term immune response in humans. Nucleic acid vaccines The vaccines which use genetic material from a harmful pathogen to stimulate an immune response are called nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines can contain either DNA or RNA. This genetic … Read more >>

Recombinant vector vaccines retain many advantages of live attenuated vaccines

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In this article, I briefly describe the recombinant vector vaccines and their advantages over live attenuated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines Attenuation is a process, where microorganisms lose their ability to cause a significant disease. In other words, attenuation takes away the pathogenicity of microorganisms. Attenuation can be achieved when a pathogenic virus or bacterium is … Read more >>

Subunit vaccines– vaccines from purified macromolecules

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In this article, I briefly describe the types of subunit vaccines. Purified macromolecules as vaccines Attenuated or inactivated whole-organism vaccines carry certain risks, prompting the development of alternative options that utilize specific purified macromolecules from pathogens. Currently, three main types of such vaccines are used: capsular polysaccharides, toxoids, and recombinant microbial antigens. Capsular polysaccharides The … Read more >>

Live attenuated and inactivated vaccines

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In this article, I briefly describe live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation that gives immunity to infectious diseases. The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.  Vaccination is … Read more >>

Passive and active immunization provide protection against diseases

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In this article, I briefly describe how passive and active immunization protects against diseases. Immunization The process of evoking a state of protective immunity against a harmful pathogen is called immunization. When exposed to a live pathogen and recovered, an individual is immunized with the disease. Though this is an effective way to get protective … Read more >>

Parasitic infections and the novel immune evasion strategies by trypanosomes  

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In this article, I briefly describe parasitic infections and how trypanosomes apply novel immune evasion strategies. Parasitic infections Parasites are a vast category, from unicellular protozoan eukaryotes to macroscopic worms. The parasitic world is so diverse that it is difficult to generalize. Most eukaryotic protozoan parasites inhabit intracellular spaces in their human hosts for one … Read more >>