Immunology

Check out Immunology Tutorials.

Tumor Immune Escape Mechanisms and Apoptotic Resistance

by
Down-regulation of MHC-class-I expression

In this article, I briefly describe tumor immune escape mechanisms and apoptotic resistance. Tumor cells evade immune surveillance and resist apoptosis through multiple interconnected mechanisms, promoting survival and progression. Understanding these strategies is essential for advancing effective cancer immunotherapies. The Dual Role of Immune Response The immune system operates through a delicate balance of activating … Read more >>

Quantitative Cell Analysis Using Flow Cytometry

by
flow cytometry setup

In this article, I briefly describe quantitative cell analysis using flow cytometry. Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry, first developed in the early 1980s by Leonore Herzenberg and colleagues, quickly emerged as a powerful analytical tool in cell biology and immunology. One of its earliest and most significant applications was the analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients … Read more >>

Conventional Imaging Techniques Based on Immunofluorescence

by
Optical path in a fluorescence microscope

In this article, I briefly describe the conventional imaging techniques based on immunofluorescence. These techniques use fluorescently labeled antibodies to visualize specific proteins or other biomolecules within cells and tissues. These methods provide valuable insights into cellular structure, localization of molecules, and biological processes under a microscope. Fluorescence-Based Antibody Imaging Techniques Fluorescence microscopy allows precise … Read more >>

The Role of Invariant Chain in MHC Class II Trafficking and Immune Defense

by
Antigenic peptide generation

In this article, I briefly describe the role of the invariant chain in guiding the transport of class-II MHC molecules from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to late endosomes. It plays a role in immune defense. The Invariant Chain: An essential chaperone in antigen presentation The immune system functions through a finely tuned interplay of molecules … Read more >>

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infects Its Host by Using Co-receptors

by
Structure of HIV

In this article, I briefly describe how HIV infects its host by using its coreceptors. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a severe immunodeficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This syndrome was first recognized because of opportunistic infections in a cluster of individuals in the USA in 1981. This group … Read more >>

Various Factors Cause Secondary Immunodeficiencies

by

In this article, I briefly describe various factors causing secondary immunodeficiencies. Secondary Immunodeficiencies Inherited genetic defects give rise to primary immunodeficiency, whereas secondary immunodeficiency is acquired. The loss of immune function results from exposure to an external agent. These external agents include many diseases and infections, medical treatments with immunosuppressive drugs, and social conditions that … Read more >>

Replacement Therapy Treats Immunodeficiency Disorders

by
Cell replacement therapy

In this article, I briefly describe various replacement therapies that treat immunodeficiency disorders. Treatment For Immunodeficiencies There are many treatment options available for immunodeficiency disorders, but no reliable treatment is available for them. Besides using antimicrobial agents or resorting to the extreme measure of complete isolation from opportunistic pathogens, immunodeficiencies can be managed through replacement … Read more >>

Immunodeficiency Disorders Can Lead to the Development of Autoimmunity

by

In this article, I briefly describe immunodeficiency disorders that disturb immune regulation, which can lead to the development of autoimmunity. Deficiencies in T-cell Tolerance Lead to Autoimmunity The adaptive immune system recognizes and eliminates foreign antigens. It also has to recognize self-MHC proteins and suppress reactions to self-antigens in the host. The induction of tolerance … Read more >>

Defects in Innate Immune Components Result in Deficiency and Diseases

by
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMDs) happens due to genetic defects

In this article, I briefly describe how defects in innate immune components result in diseases and deficiencies. Innate Immune Defects Disorders in myeloid cells or components of the complement activation pathways lead to innate immune defects. Many of these defects lead to fewer phagocytic cells or defective phagocytic processes. These processes may have defects at … Read more >>

Primary Immunodeficiency Results in Different Immunodeficiency Syndromes

by
Hyper-IgM syndrome

In this article, I briefly describe how a primary deficiency leads to different immunodeficiency syndromes. Primary Immunodeficiency Primary immunodeficiency is generally a birth defect and causes many health issues in early life. Immunodeficiency disorders are minor or life-threatening. Primary immunodeficiency diseases have provided immunologists valuable insights into the critical roles of specific proteins and cellular … Read more >>