Swagatika In this article, I briefly describe the negative regulation of B-cell activation. B-cell activation and control Presentation of antigens via MHC and receiving co-stimulatory signals (CD40-CD40L) from TH2 cells, results in the activation of B cells (figure 1). Following activation, B cells undergo cycles of mutation and selection to produce high-affinity memory B cells and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the types of associations among soil microorganisms. Microbial ecosystem The total microbial flora along with the soil’s physical composition and physical characteristics, includes the microbial ecosystem. It is the sum of the biotic and abiotic components of soil. The soil microorganisms exhibit many different types of interactions or associations. … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the application of gene cloning in medicine. Gene cloning Gene cloning begins with isolating and inserting a specific gene into a vector. The vector is then introduced into a host organism. It makes multiple, identical copies of a particular gene or DNA segment. The host organism then replicates, producing … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the application of gene cloning in producing recombinant proteins. Gene cloning It is a molecular biology technique that makes identical copies of a particular piece of DNA, or gene. A target gene is introduced into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid in a cloning experiment. The plasmid … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the types of cloning vehicles and their properties. Cloning vehicle In a gene cloning experiment, a cloning vehicle plays a central role in transporting the gene into the host cell and is responsible for its replication. Plasmids and bacteriophages act as vectors for transporting genes. The vector carries the … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe western blotting and its applications. Western blotting The technique of identifying a specific protein in a complex mixture of proteins is known as western blotting. This was developed by Towbin, et al. in 1979. It is also called immunoblotting as an antibody is specifically used to detect its antigen. … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe Northern blotting and its applications. Northern blotting It is a laboratory technique, which studies gene expression by detecting a specific RNA sequence in a blood or tissue sample. Northern blotting was first developed in 1977 by James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford University. The name was … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe Southern blotting, which helps detect specific DNA sequences in a DNA sample. Southern blotting Southern blotting is a technique used in a laboratory to detect specific DNA sequences in a DNA sample. The method is named after its inventor, the British biologist Edwin Southern. The transfer of DNA fragments … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the eukaryotic transcription factors and their function. Transcription The process of synthesis of RNA from a DNA template is called transcription. It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. In both prokaryotes and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the types of general transcription factors and their functions. Transcription The process of synthesis of RNA from a DNA template is called transcription. It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. In both … Read more >>