In this article, I briefly describe how passive and active immunization protects against diseases. Immunization The process of evoking a state of protective immunity against a harmful pathogen is called immunization. When exposed to a live pathogen and recovered, an individual is immunized with the disease. Though this is an effective way to get protective … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe parasitic infections and how trypanosomes apply novel immune evasion strategies. Parasitic infections Parasites are a vast category, from unicellular protozoan eukaryotes to macroscopic worms. The parasitic world is so diverse that it is difficult to generalize. Most eukaryotic protozoan parasites inhabit intracellular spaces in their human hosts for one … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe how innate immunity and acquired immunity play an important role in controlling fungal infections. Fungal infections Fungi are diverse and ubiquitous, possessing characteristics of both plants and animals. They depend on external sources for nutrients. Fungi have their kingdom and provide many beneficial services for humans. They ferment bread, … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe different soil microorganisms that constitute the soil microbial flora. Soil The soil is the land surface of the earth, which provides the substratum for plant and animal life. The soil represents a favorable habitat for microorganisms and is inhabited by many microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the role of G protein-coupled receptors in vertebrate olfaction and gustation. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) These receptors act through a guanosine nucleotide-binding protein or G-protein family member. Signal transduction is defined through three essential components. The three essential components can be described as a plasma membrane receptor with seven … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the role of G protein-coupled receptors in vision. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) These receptors act through a guanosine nucleotide-binding protein or G protein, family member. Signal transduction is defined through three essential components. The three essential components can be described as a plasma membrane receptor with seven transmembrane helical … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe phagocytes- the white blood cells in our immune system. They play a critical role in defending the body against infections. Phagocytes Phagocytes were first identified in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov during his research on starfish larvae. These white blood cells protect the body by engulfing and breaking down … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the skin immune system and its similarities and dissimilarities with the respiratory and intestinal immune systems. Skin The bodies of vertebrate animals are covered with a soft, flexible outer tissue layer called skin. It serves three primary roles: protection, regulation, and sensation. The skin interacts directly with the environment, … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the parallelism between the intestinal and respiratory immune systems. The respiratory tract The respiratory tract is responsible for breathing and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. It is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. It is exposed directly to the external … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the common diseases associated with the intestine. Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and Celiac disease are common intestinal diseases. Our intestinal immune response and diseases The immune system’s response to both commensal and pathogenic microbes is not without cost. Even when inflammation successfully eliminates pathogens, it can still damage … Read more >>